If you miss Fajr prayer in congregation and did not catch up with it, then you should start with the Sunnah prayer and offer that first, then pray Fajr.

Ishraq prayer is a two-rakah prayer that is offered after the sun has risen and become high, for those who pray Fajr in congregation in the mosque, then sit in the place where they prayed, remembering Allah until they pray two rak’ahs.

If you fast the tenth and eleventh of Muharram with the intention of making up missed Ramadan fasting, that is permissible and will make up for two of the days that you owe.

Tahiyyatul Masjid (“greeting the mosque”) is Sunnah according to most of the scholars, some of the scholars stated that there was consensus on this point.

There is no regular Sunnah prayer before Jumu`ah. What is prescribed is to offer whatever voluntary prayers you want from the time you enter the mosque until the Imam ascends the pulpit.