What are the husband’s obligations towards his children and his ex-wife who has custody of them?

Firstly:

The irrevocably divorced woman is not entitled to maintenance or accommodation, unless she is pregnant. The evidence for that is the report narrated by Muslim (1480) from ash-Sha‘bi, who said: I entered upon Faatimah bint Qays and asked her about the ruling of the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) concerning her. She said: My husband divorced me irrevocably, and I referred my dispute with him about maintenance and accommodation to the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him). He did not grant me any accommodation or maintenance, and he told me to observe my ‘iddah in the house of Ibn Umm Maktoom.

According to a report narrated by Muslim also, she said: I mentioned that to the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) and he said: “You are not entitled to any maintenance or accommodation.” According to a report narrated by Abu Daawood: “… unless you are pregnant.”

Secondly:

Mut‘ah [here it refers to a gift given to a divorced wife in a particular instance] is only to be given to a woman who is divorced before consummation of the marriage, whose mahr had not been decided upon at the time of the marriage contract, because Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):

“There is no blame upon you if you divorce women you have not touched nor specified for them an obligation. But give them [a gift of] compensation – the wealthy according to his capability and the poor according to his capability – a provision according to what is acceptable, a duty upon the doers of good”

[al-Baqarah 2:236].

If divorce occurred after consummation of the marriage, then she is not entitled to this gift [mut‘ah] according to the majority of fuqaha’, but it is recommended for him to give her a gift, according to his means and what he is able to afford.

This has been discussed previously in fatwa no. 126281.

Thirdly:

If he has issued a first or second divorce (talaaq) to her, and has not taken her back before the ‘iddah ended – which means that she is completely divorced – then she is entitled to maintenance during the ‘iddah. But if it was a final, irrevocable divorce – such as a third talaaq, then she is not entitled to any maintenance or accommodation, as is mentioned above in the hadith of Faatimah bint Qays.

Fourthly:

If the divorced woman is the one who has custody of the children, then the fuqaha’ differed concerning her accommodation: is the father (of the children of whom she has custody) obliged to provide it, or is it to be provided by her and the one who spends on her, or is it a shared responsibility, to be paid for by the man and his ex-wife, according to the decision of the judge, or is it the case that if she has accommodation, that should be sufficient for her, and if she does not have accommodation, then the father of the children must provide it for her?

This last view is a good view.

See also: Haashiyat Ibn ‘Aabideen (3/562); Sharh al-Khurashi (4/218); al-Mawsoo‘ah al-Fiqhiyyah (17/313).

If the father is obliged to provide accommodation for his children – as we shall see below – then the ex-wife may stipulate that she be able to join them in their accommodation, so long as she has custody, and she is not obliged to live with her family or in any accommodation that is rented for her.

They (the divorced couple) may come to an agreement that she can stay in her children’s house, or in a home of her own.

Fifthly:

If the ex-wife is the one who has custody of his children, she may request payment for taking care of them, even if there is another woman who is willing to offer such care for free. This is the view of the Hanbalis.

It says in Muntaha al-Iraadaat: The mother should be given priority, even if she charges the same as another woman, as in the case of breastfeeding. See: Sharh Muntaha al-Iraadaat (3/249).

The view of the Maalikis is that no fee can be charged for taking care of the children.

The Hanafis and Shaafa‘is discuss the matter in more detail. See: al-Mawsoo‘at al-Fiqhiyyah (17/311).

Sixthly:

The husband must spend on his children, which includes accommodation, food, drink, clothing, school costs, medical care and all that they need.

That should be worked out on a reasonable basis, paying attention to the husband’s financial situation, because Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):

“Let a man of wealth spend from his wealth, and he whose provision is restricted – let him spend from what Allah has given him. Allah does not charge a soul except [according to] what He has given it. Allah will bring about, after hardship, ease”

[at-Talaaq 65:7].

This varies from one country and person to another.

With regard to whatever is needed and costs for maintenance and repair of appliances that they will use, if the children’s maintenance is sufficient to cover that, along with whatever they need of food, drink and so on, then the cost of maintenance for the appliances should come from that.

If the children’s maintenance is not enough to cover that, and they need these appliances, then the maintenance of the appliances should come from the father’s wealth, because it comes under the heading of the chaildren’s maintenance.

And Allah knows best.